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Factors Contributing to Vitamin B12 Deficiency Several factors can contribute to Vitamin B12 deficiency, including reduced stomach acid production in the elderly, which hinders B12 absorption from animal proteins

It mediates tissue-protective signaling distinct from the erythropoietic EPO pathway

It is an anesthetic agent that induces analgesia and anesthesia by acting as an agonist for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

Conversely, the authors also found that copper deficiency decreases the formation of autophagy-initiating phagophores, which contain important ULK1/2 downstream targets ( Figure 1 )

Non-significant relationships were also reported in observations and model outputs

Proc Nutr Soc 1997;56(1B):479-488