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Acknowledgements We are thankful to the anonymous reviewers who helped improve this paper

These findings underscore the importance of mitochondrial health in disc homeostasis and provide novel insights into precise strategies for treating age-related degenerative spinal diseases

Luciferase activity was measured with the Dual Luciferase Assay System (Beyotime, Shanghai, China)

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The results, tracked via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were highly promising: the NAC supplementation successfully returned cortical glutathione, ventricular lactate, and oxidative stress levels back to normal, which correlated directly with a significant reduction in patient fatigue

One of the most commonly reported side effects is mild irritation at the injection site, which can manifest as redness, itching, or swelling